Solving Problems With a Distance-Rate-Time Formula

Taking care of Problems With a Distance-Rate-Time Formula In math, separation, rate, and time are three significant ideas you can use to take care of numerous issues on the off chance that you know the recipe. Separation is the length of room went by a moving article or the length estimated between two focuses. It is normally meant by d in math issues. The rate is the speed at which an article or individual voyages. It is generally meant byâ râ in equations. Time is the deliberate or quantifiable period during which an activity, procedure, or condition exists or proceeds. In separation, rate, and time issues, time is estimated as the portion where a specific separation is voyage. Time is normally signified by t in equations.â Unraveling for Distance, Rate, or Time At the point when you are tackling issues for separation, rate, and time, you will think that its supportive to utilize outlines or diagrams to sort out the data and assist you with taking care of the issue. You will likewise apply the equation that settles separation, rate, and time, which isâ distance rate x time. It is condensed as: d rt There are numerous models where you may utilize this equation, all things considered. For instance, in the event that you know the time and rate an individual is going on a train, you can rapidly ascertain how far he voyaged. Andâ if you know the time and separation a traveler went on a plane, you could rapidly calculate the separation she voyaged just by reconfiguring the recipe. Separation, Rate, and Time Example Youll as a rule experience a separation, rate, and time question as aâ word problemâ in arithmetic. When you read the issue, essentially plug the numbers into the recipe. For instance, assume aâ train goes out and goes at 50 mph. After two hours, another train goes out on the track next to or corresponding to the principal train however it goes at 100 mph. What distance away from Debs house will the quicker train pass the other train? To tackle the issue, recall that d speaks to the separation in miles from Debs house and tâ represents the time that the more slow train has been voyaging. You may wish to attract a graph to show what's going on. Sort out the data you have in a graph design on the off chance that you havent tackled these kinds of issues previously. Recall the recipe: separation rate x time While distinguishing the pieces of the word issue, separation is ordinarily given in units of miles, meters, kilometers, or inches. Time is in units of seconds, minutes, hours, or years. Rate is separation per time, so its units could be mph, meters every second, or inches every year. Presently you can understand the arrangement of conditions: 50t 100(t - 2) (Multiply the two qualities inside the enclosures by 100.)50t 100t - 200200 50t (Divide 200 by 50 to settle for t.)t 4 Substitute t 4 into train No. 1 d 50t 50(4) 200 Presently you can compose your announcement. The quicker train will pass the more slow train 200 miles from Debs house. Test Problems Take a stab at taking care of comparative issues. Make sure to utilize the equation that underpins what youre searching for-separation, rate, or time. d rt (multiply)r d/t (divide)t d/r (isolate) Practice Question 1 A train left Chicago and went toward Dallas. After five hours another train left for Dallas going at 40 mph with an objective of finding the principal train headed for Dallas. The subsequent train at long last found the principal train in the wake of going for three hours. How quick was the train that left initially going? Make sure to utilize a chart to organize your data. At that point compose two conditions to take care of your concern. Start with the subsequent train, since you know the time and rate it voyaged: Second traint x r d3 x 40 120 milesFirst traint x r d8 hours x r 120 milesDivide each side by 8 hours to understand for r.8 hours/8 hours x r 120 miles/8 hoursr 15 mph Practice Question 2 One train left the station and went toward its goal at 65 mph. Afterward, another train left the station going the other way of the main train at 75 mph. After the main train had gone for 14 hours, it was 1,960 miles separated from the subsequent train. To what extent did the subsequent train travel? To start with, consider what you know: First trainr 65 mph, t 14 hours, d 65 x 14 milesSecond trainr 75 mph, t x hours, d 75x miles At that point use theâ d rtâ formula as follows: d (of train 1) d (of train 2) 1,960 miles75x 910 1,96075x 1,050x 14 hours (the time the subsequent train voyaged)

Gm 545 You Decide (Economics) Essays

Gm 545 You Decide (Economics) Essays Gm 545 You Decide (Economics) Essay Gm 545 You Decide (Economics) Essay Mr. President, Monetary and financial approach are two manners by which governments endeavor to accomplish full degree of work, monetary development, and value strength. As you know, financial strategy choices are made by the President and Congress and request the utilization of government spending and tax assessment to impact the economy; the money related arrangements are kept up by the Federal Reserve. After cautious thought of the counsel of Economic Advisers and Federal Reserve experts, I arrived at the accompanying resolutions with respect to financial recuperation in The United States: * Executing Expansionary Fiscal Policy, expanding government spending, move installments (Social Security, joblessness pay, and government assistance installments) and diminishing expenses will prompt expanded total interest (Stone, 2008). As opposed to Ms. Lee’s guidance to raise charges and decline government spending, and as per Ms. Tanney, I suggest the inverse: decline expenses and increment government spending. Government spending will, it hypothesis, make new openings as government’s utilization of administrations from development industry increments. A decent motivation for work creation would offer assessment credits to businesses who enlist new, jobless specialists. Diminished assessments, again in principle, will make increasingly dispensable empowering people and enterprises to expand their utilization. Expanded utilization prompts, once more, increment in work creation, corporate benefits, customer certainty, and genuine GDP. On the financial side, the legislature should: * Lower loan cost * Lower save necessities * Purchase government securities in the open market. All these lead to expansionary money related strategy. I can't help contradicting Ms. Lopes’ assessment that The Fed should sell securities, raise saves, and leave loan fees. : Despite what might be expected, buying securities on an open market will builds the measure of cash available for use in the economy. At the point when the Fed builds the cash gracefully, it brings down the loan cost and expands the amount of merchandise and ventures requested at some random value level. Stone, 2008). As proposed by Mr. Burke, bringing down the loan fees and save necessity empowers banks to loan more cash to customers at a less expensive rate since the entrance to save capital progressively available. Lower loan costs energize utilization and venture. As the economy recoups and moves towards full work, the administration ought to rethink expansionary measures, since, over the long haul, these measures can lead towards moved deficiencies and expanded swelling. References: Gerald W. Stone, 2006, Core Economics federalreserve. gov/www. investopedia. com

How Vinyl Chloride in Cigarettes Can Hurt You

How Vinyl Chloride in Cigarettes Can Hurt You Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes Print The Health Risks of Vinyl Chloride in Cigarettes By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Sanja Jelic, MD on August 05, 2016 Sanja Jelic, MD, is board-certified in sleep medicine, critical care medicine, pulmonary disease, and internal medicine.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Sanja Jelic, MD Updated on February 09, 2020 Nicholas Eveleigh / Photodisc / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use The Inside of Cigarettes After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Also known as chloroethylene, ethylene monochloride, or monochloroethylene, vinyl chloride is a flammable clear gas or liquid with a mildly sweet odor. Vinyl chloride is a man-made product. It does not occur naturally in the environment. Uses of Vinyl Chloride Until the mid-seventies, vinyl chloride was used in a variety of consumer products, including cosmetics, as a propellant in aerosol cans, and as a coolant. Today, vinyl chloride is most commonly used to make a polymer called polyvinyl chloride (PVC). PVC is found in various plastic products, including wire insulation and packaging materials. Vinyl chloride is also used in the manufacture of cigarette filters. As of Dec. 20, 2019, the new legal age limit is 21 years old for purchasing cigarettes, cigars, or any other tobacco products in the U.S. How It Gets Into the Human Body Vinyl chloride most commonly enters the human body through inhalation: Breathing air close to hazardous waste sites/landfill areas where plastics industries dump waste products.Breathing the air in a contaminated workspace where plastics are produced or used.Breathing cigarette or cigar smoke. Less commonly, vinyl chloride can be ingested when a person drinks water from a contaminated well. Vinyl Chloride in Cigarettes Vinyl chloride can be found in both  firsthand  and  secondhand smoke  in low levels, typically 5 to 30 nanograms per cigarette (a nanogram is 0.000000001 gram). Studies of long-term exposure to vinyl chloride in animals have shown that cancer of the liver and mammary gland may increase when very low levels of vinyl chloride are present in the air (50 ppm). While we do not know how much-inhaled cigarette smoke it takes to manifest the health hazards of vinyl chloride, we do know that it contributes to cancer and is unhealthy to breathe in any quantity. Health Risks   The health risks of exposure to vinyl chloride depend on a number of factors: The amount the person was exposed to.The frequency of exposure.The length of each exposure.The type of exposure; inhalation or ingestion. Other factors that should be taken into account include whether there were other chemicals present at the time of exposure to vinyl chloride, as well as the age, sex, diet and overall health of the person who was exposed. When vinyl chloride enters the bloodstream, it goes to the liver, where its then converted into other substances. Vinyl chloride itself typically leaves the body within a day via the urine, but the substances produced in the liver take longer to exit the body. Some of them are more hazardous to human health than vinyl chloride because they react with chemicals normally present in the body and change how they are used/responded to physiologically. The Link Between Vinyl Chloride and Cancer Vinyl chloride may increase the risk of developing a number of cancers, including: Liver cancerBrain cancerLung cancerLymphomaLeukemia The U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, The International Agency for Research on Cancer, and the U.S. Environmental Production Agency have all recognized vinyl chloride as a known human carcinogen. More Chemicals in Cigarette Smoke To date, research has uncovered more than 7,000 chemicals, including 250 poisonous, and 70 carcinogenic compounds in cigarette smoke, and will undoubtedly reveal more in the future. If you still smoke, please begin the life-saving journey of smoking cessation. Dont delay. Get started on your quit program now. You wont regret it.

The Impact Of Television On Mass Media - 2006 Words

The Impact Television has on Mass Media The invention of the television affected mass media as a whole, as they now see the news, weather, and entertainment through a motion picture screen as compared to just hearing it from the original radio. With the help of inventors and newly evolving technology, the television has become a part of American households. Beyond televisions effects on family life and habits, the new medium had wide-ranging effects on society, including commercial and economic impact. The invention of the radio was a revolutionary invention that helped the television become a reality. With help of many inventors and scientists, the radio was in the process of the making in the early 1800s. German scientist Heinrich Hertz proved the existence of radio waves, where signals were sent by the waves instead of wire. The radio changes sound or signals into radio waves that travel through air, space and solid objects, which then turn back into sound, words, or music when returned to the receiver (â€Å"Television Invention Timeline†). In 1895, Gugliemo Marconi invented the wireless telegraph where he used radio waves to transmit Morse code. By 1906, Marconi shared the Nobel Prize for physics with Ferdinand Braun in recognition of contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy (â€Å"Television Invention Timeline†). In 1920, over 500 stations were broadcasting news; music, sports, drama, variety shows, and by 1930 most households in the U.S and Europ e had at leastShow MoreRelatedHistory of Mass Media1150 Words   |  5 PagesHISTORY OF MASS MEDIA UNIT PLAN LECTURE AND TUTORIAL:- DAY : MONDAY TIME : 8.00 to 11.00 am ROOM : R4.2 OBJECTIVE To introduce students to the historical development of media, including books, newspapers, magazines, radio and TV broadcasting and cinema. 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The Media have becoming one of the most dominant source of education of the 21st century. We could argue that most americans use the media as their main source of information. The side effect on that is the fact that the media is very polarized. With the ongoing polarization, we could hypothesize that people would have been more politically educated and oriented if the media was not infiltrated. Mass media is expected to be educational. PublicRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said, â€Å"Whoever controls the media, controls the mind†. The Media have become one of the most dominant source of education of the 21st century. We could argue that most Americans use the media as their main source of information. The side effect of that is the fact that the media are very polarized. With the ongoing polarization, we could hypothesize that people would have been more politically educated and oriented if the media was not infiltrated. 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The Death Of A Classical Music - 1181 Words

Know once you have adopted these three roles, there is another all I would like you to assume, this I think just paints the whole picture, this is sort of the background canvas of which you paint the rest of this portrait. You need to understand something the parents these days have long since forgot, and are going to have to relearn again your grandparents knew this, but today’s generation appearance doesn’t seem to, and that is you do not get to design your children, nature would never have permitted that to, evolution would not have allowed a generation of a species to be so influenced by the previous generation, it hasn’t happened and it doesn’t happen, and it especially doesn’t happen in children, you do not design your children, and†¦show more content†¦What, we learned in the last 20 years, of research in neuroimaging, behaviour genetics, developmental psychology, neuropathology can be boiled down to this phrase, your child is born w ith more than 400 psychological traits, that will emerge as they mature, and they have nothing to do with you. So the idea that you are going to engineer personalities, and IQ and academic achievement skills and all these other things, just isn’t true. Your child is not a blank slate and which you get to write, if you would like to read more about this please read, â€Å"the blank slate†, which is a review of all of this information for parents and why it isn’t true. The better of you is it your child is a genetic mosaic of your extended family, which means this is a unique combination of the traits that run in your family line. I like the Shepherd view, you are a shepherd, you don’t design sheep, the engineering of you make surely responsible for and for everything, everything that goes right and everything that goes wrong. This is my parents come to us with such guilt, more guilt EV than we have ever seen in previous generations. Because parents today b elieve that all about them and what they do, in if they don’t get it right if a child has a disability they’ve done something wrong.When in fact the opposite is true. This is nothing to do with your particular brand of

Profit Maximization Model Free Essays

SAMPLE ANSWER FOR QUESTION 5 Profit-making is one of the most traditional, basic and major objectives of a firm. Profit-motive is the driving-force behind all business activities of a company. It is the primary measure of success or failure of a firm in the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Profit Maximization Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now Profit earning capacity indicates the position, performance and status of a firm in the market. In spite of several changes and development of several alternative objectives, profit maximization has remained as one of the single most important objectives of the firm even today. Both small and large firms consistently make an attempt to maximize their profit by adopting novel techniques in business. Specific efforts have been made to maximize output and minimize production and other operating costs. Cost reduction, cost cutting and cost minimization has become the slogan of a modern firm. It is a very simple and unambiguous model. It is the single most ideal model that can explain the normal behavior of a firm. Main propositions of the profit-maximization model The model is based on the assumption that each firm seeks to maximize its profit given certain technical and market constraints. The following are the main propositions of the model. 1. A firm is a producing unit and as such it converts various inputs into outputs of higher value under a given technique of production. 2. The basic objective of each firm is to earn maximum profit. 3. A firm operates under a given market condition. 4. A firm will select that alternative course of action which helps to maximize consistent profits 5. A firm makes an attempt to change its prices, input and output quantity to maximize its profit. The model Profit-maximization implies earning highest possible amount of profits during a given period of time. A firm has to generate largest amount of profits by building optimum productive capacity both in the short run and long run depending upon various internal and external factors and forces. There should be proper balance between short run and long run objectives. In the short run a firm is able to make only slight or minor adjustments in the production process as well as in business conditions. The plant capacity in the short run is fixed and as such, it can increase its production and sales by intensive utilization of existing plants and machineries, having over time work for the existing staff etc. Thus, in the short run, a firm has its own technical and managerial constraints. But in the long run, as there is plenty of time at the disposal of a firm, it can expand and add to the existing capacities build up new plants; employ additional workers etc to meet the rising demand in the market. Thus, in the long run, a firm will have adequate time and ample opportunity to make all kinds of adjustments and readjustments in production process and in its marketing strategies. It is to be noted with great care that a firm has to maximize its profits after taking in to consideration of various factors in to account. They are as follows – 1. Pricing and business strategies of rival firms and its impact on the working of the given firm. 2. Aggressive sales promotion policies adopted by rival firms in the market. 3. Without inducing the workers to demand higher wages and salaries leading to rise in operation costs. 4. Without resorting to monopolistic and exploitative practices inviting government controls and takeovers. 5. Maintaining the quality of the product and services to the customers. 6. Taking various kinds of risks and uncertainties in the changing business environment. . Adopting a stable business policy. 8. Avoiding any sort of clash between short run and long run profits in the business policy and maintaining proper balance between them. 9. Maintaining its reputation, name, fame and image in the market. 10. Profit maximization is necessary in both perfect and imperfect markets. In a perfect market, a firm is a price-taker and under imperfect market it becomes a price-searcher. A ssumptions of the model The profit maximization model is based on tree important assumptions. They are as follows – 1. Profit maximization is the main goal of the firm. 2. Rational behavior on the part of the firm to achieve its goal of profit maximization. 3. The firm is managed by owner-entrepreneur. Determination of profit – maximizing price and output Profit maximization of a firm can be explained in two different ways.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Total Revenue and Total Cost approach.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost approach. Profits of a firm are estimated by making comparison between total revenue and total costs. Profit is the difference between TR and TC. In other words, excess of revenue over costs is the profits. Profit = TR – TC. If TR is equal to TC in that case, there will be break even point. If TR is less than TC, in that case, a firm will be incurring losses. In this case, we take in to account of total cost and total revenue of the firm while measuring profits. It is clear from  the following diagram how profit arises when TR is greater than that of TC. 2. MR and MC approach In this case, we take in to account of revenue earned from one unit and cost incurred to produce only one unit of output. A firm will be maximizing its profits when MR= MC and MC curve cuts MR curve from below. If MC curve cuts MR curve from above either under perfect market or under imperfect market, no doubt MR equals MC but total output will not be maximized and hence total profits also will not be maximized. Hence, two conditions are necessary for profit maximization- 1. MR = MC. 2. MC curve cut MR curve from below. It is clear from the following diagrams. Justification for profit maximization 1. Basic objective of traditional economic theory. The traditional economic theory assumes that a firm is owned and managed by the entrepreneur himself and as such he always aims at maximum return on his capital invested in the business. Hence profit-maximization becomes the natural principle of a firm. 2. A firm is not a charitable institution. A firm is a business unit. It is organized on commercial principles. A firm is not a charitable institution. Hence, it has to earn reasonable amount of profits. 3. To predict most realistic price-output behavior. This model helps to predict usual and general behavior of business firms in the real world as it provides a practical guidance. It also helps in predicting the reasonable behavior of a firm with more accuracy. Thus, it is a very simple, plain, realistic, pragmatic and most useful hypothesis in forecasting price output behavior of a firm. 4. Necessary for survival. It is to be noted that the very existence and survival of a firm depends on its capacity to earn maximum profits. It is a time-honored hypothesis and there is common agreement among businessmen to make highest possible profits both in the short run and long run. 5. To achieve other objectives. In recent years several other objectives have become much more popular and all these objectives have become highly relevant in the context of modern business set up. But it is to be remembered that they can be achieved only when a firm is making maximum profits. Criticisms 1. Ambiguous term. The term profit maximization is ambiguous in nature. There is no clear cut explanation whether a firm has to maximize its net profit, total profit or the rate of profit in a business unit. Again maximum amount of profit cannot be precisely defined in quantitative terms. . It may not always be possible. Profit maximization, no doubt is the basic objective of a firm. But in the context of highly competitive business environment, always it may not be possible for a firm to achieve this objective. Other objectives like sales maximization, market share expansion, market leadership building its own image, name, fame and reputation, spending more time with members of the family, enjoying leisure, develo ping better and cordial relationship with employees and customers etc. lso has assumed greater significance in recent years. 3. Separation of ownership and management. In many cases, to-day we come across the business units are organized on partnership or joint stock company or cooperative basis. In case of many large organizations, ownership and management is clearly separated and they are run and managed by salaried managers who have their own self interests and as such always profit maximization may not become possible. 4. Difficulty in getting relevant information and data. In spite of revolution in the field of information technology, always it may not be possible to get adequate and relevant information to take right decisions in a highly fluctuating business scenario. Hence, profits may not be maximized. 5. Conflict in inter-departmental goals. A firm has several departments and sections headed by experts in their own fields. Each one of them will have its own independent goals and many a times there is possibility of clashes between the interests of different departments and as such always profits may not be maximized. 6. Changes in business environment. In the context of highly competitive and changing business environment and changes in consumer’s tastes and requirements, a firm may not be able to cope up with the expectations and adjust its policies and as such profits may not be maximized. 7. Growth of oligopolistic firms. In the context of globalization, growth of oligopoly firms has become so common through mergers, amalgamations and takeovers. Leading firms dominate the market and the small firms have to follow the policies of the leading firms. Hence, in many cases, there are limited chances for making maximum profits. 8. Significance of other managerial gains. Salaried managers have limited freedom in decision making process. Some of them are unable to forecast the right type of changes and meet the market challenges. They are more worried about their salaries, promotions, perquisites, security of jobs, and other types of benefits. They may lack strong motivations to make higher profits as profits would go to the organization. They may be contented with only satisfactory level of profits rather than maximum profits. 9. Emphasis on non-profit goals. Many organizations give more stress on non-profit goals. From the point of view of today’s business environment, productivity, efficiency, better management, customer satisfaction, durability of products, higher quality of products and services etc. have gained importance to cope with business competition. Hence, emphasis has been shifted from profit maximization to other practical aspects. 10. Aversion to reduction in power. In case of several small business units, the owners do not want to share their powers with many new partners and hence, they try to keep maximum powers in their hands. In such cases, keeping more power becomes more important than profit maximization. 11. Official restrictions over profits of public utilities. Public utilities or public corporations are legally prohibited to make huge profits in many developing countries like India. Thus, it is clear that a firm cannot maximize its profits always. There are many constraints in the background of multiple objectives. Each one of the objectives has its own merits and demerits and a firm has to strike a balance between all kinds of objectives. How to cite Profit Maximization Model, Essay examples

Measuring tools Essay Example

Measuring tools Essay Either the aim or objective and the type of quantitative approach was clearly stated within the abstract or summary of all the papers. Identification of the purpose and type of research at the beginning of the paper has several immediate advantages and limitations. From a nursing perspective, it is possible to determine if the research is relevant to patients in a particular care setting. However, as McCaughan (1999) points out, subtle differences may only be apparent with further exploration of the study. Secondly, clarity of purpose suggests a well-planned study that will deliver valid and useful data. Thompson (1999) concurs with this view and suggests that without a clear statement of aims the reader is unable to determine whether the research achieves its objectives or not. Furthermore, with unclear aims, there could be a tendency towards data-trawling, which may result in providing spurious results. Although I agree with the views of Thompson (1999) and McCaughan (1999), I believe there can be concerns with stating the type of method used in conducting the research. For instance, there could be a tendency to accept the design at face value or for it to bias the critical analysis of the study. Lais (1998), study is described as a prospective, nonrandomised study. According to Woods and Catanzario (1988), a prospective design aims to observe a sample on at least two occasions over a period of time, the aim being to reduce the likelihood of bias in reporting the relationship between the cause and effect. We will write a custom essay sample on Measuring tools specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Measuring tools specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Measuring tools specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Whereas Lais (1998) study consisted of gathering information for a period of one month and could therefore be called prospective, it is not clear whether all the criteria for a true prospective design were applied or not. However, this is not to say that the research findings themselves would not be valid and reliable. Rather that even though there is a clear statement of the type of research, care must be taken that it does not influence personal judgement or the analysis of the study. Having determined that initially, the information given in the abstract of a study can have advantages and limitations, the next point will briefly consider the value of including or excluding a literature review within the study. LITERATURE REVIEW None of the studies reviewed in this assignment contained a literature review. However, there is some evidence that previous studies had been used to inform the investigations. Homer (1998) refers to previous studies within the methodology section and again in the discussion. The studies referred to are included in the reference list. Although the material in the reference list is relevant to the topic it only contains references for seven previous studies. Similarly, Lai (1998) cites previous studies within the discussion. Again the reference list only contains a few references. On the other hand, Curran et als (2000) study incorporates references to numerous previous work throughout the text. The value of including a literature review in a quantitative study is that it enables the research problem to be put into context or to identify gaps and weaknesses in prior studies so as to justify the current investigation. Also as Carnwell and Daly (2001) discuss it is valuable in demonstrating insight into the current state of knowledge within the relevant field. However, the exclusion of a literature review does not necessarily mean that the researchers did not undertake one. On the other hand, exclusion makes it difficult to determine the reason for undertaking the studies. For example, although, it appears that Lais (1998) study may have been carried out, at least in part, to support a cost saving initiative within his medical centre, none of the referenced material concerns this issue.  However, there is a common understanding throughout the studies regarding the nature of the topic being investigated. In particular, all of the papers acknowledge that peripheral venous cannulae are associated with the development of phlebitis. THEORETICAL/CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Although none of papers (Curran et al 2000, Homer 1998, Lai 1998) identify a theoretical or conceptual framework that guided the research, there is allusion to the principles of some of the theories. For example, Curran (2000) discusses two causes of phlebitis, insertion site infection and physiochemical reactions. Similarly, Lai (1998) refers to infusion-related phlebitis and sepsis. On the other hand, Homer does not appear to refer to any theoretical framework in his study. In conclusion, it does not seem that theoretical models had a major influence on the studies. DEFINITIONS OF PHLEBITIS The studies have all identified phlebitis by using clinical indicators and severity rating scales. However, there does not appear to be common indicators or scales to identify the severity of phlebitis. For example, Lai (1998) has defined phlebitis as a palpable cord or at least two of the following, tenderness, warmth, erythema and induration. There is no particular reference as to the origin of the definition, although it appears to have been adapted from the inflammation scale used by the IV team within the hospital where the study took place. Similarly, the origin of the inflammation scale is not reported. According to Lais (1998) definition, phlebitis would be given a score of 3 or 4. Homer (1998) also defines phlebitis by clinical categorisation and allocating scores. However, the categories and scoring are different to those used by Lai (1998). Using Homers (1998) definition would give phlebitis a score between 2 and 4. Homers (1998) scale is not referenced but a significant difference from the one used by Lai (1998) is the exclusion of induration as a clinical indicator. Curran et al (2000) referred to the existing literature for indications of phlebitis. The eventual approach adopted contained two categories, erythema equal to or extending more than 3cm from the insertion site and/or purulent discharge with either or both being given a rating of 2 if present. Curran (2000) reports that this scale had been used in previous studies and includes references within the text, but does not offer any further information. However, there is no discussion as to any previous validation process that may have been used. As we have seen, phlebitis has been categorised and classified in different ways by different authors unique to their own study. Previous studies may have guided some of the categorisation. For example, Homer (1998) refers to the classification of phlebitis by Maki and Ringer (1991 cited in Homer 1998 p5) and Tager(1983 cited in Homer 1998 p5) but develops his own scale for classifying phlebitis. As a result, there appears to be no consensus of opinion regarding the rating and definition of phlebitis between the studies under review.  As well as impacting on the accuracy of assessing and identifying severity of phlebitis, the lack of a common assessment tool for defining and measuring phlebitis may impact on the generalisability of the research. Campbell (1998) suggests that the use of a uniform scale that measures the degree of phlebitis is also beneficial in providing criteria for standardising documentation. ACCURACY, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE ASSESSMENT TOOL Each of the studies used clinical indicators and a rating scale to determine and measure the severity of phlebitis. The strength and appropriateness of this type of measuring tool has been demonstrated in other quantitative studies within the same field. (Dinley 1976, Maddox and Rush 1977, Baxter Healthcare Ltd. 1988 cited in Campbell 1998 p 1311) However, there are limitations and weaknesses with the tools used in the studies under review. None of the researchers have discussed how validity and reliability was assessed. Although both Lai (1998) and Homer (1998) have used tools that do not appear to have been used in previous situations, there is no report on a pilot study being carried out prior to the main study. Lais (1998) measurement tool has a number of limitations. Within the study Lai (1998) reports that the intravenous site was monitored according to a well-defined inflammation scale and has published the indicators and rating for the inflammation scale in the study. However, the tool that Lai used to obtain the data on phlebitis in his study was not the reported inflammation scale. Lai (1998) appears to have used elements of the inflammation scale and designed a scale that has some differences from the inflammation scale that he reported was used. The inflammation scale uses pain and swelling as clinical indicators but in the scale that was used in the study swelling has been excluded and pain has reduced to tenderness. Another point of concern is the implication that the severity of phlebitis could be measured on a scale designed to measure the presence and severity of inflammation. This may lead to confusion between rating phlebitis and inflammation. In other words, it is not certain that the tool actually used measured what it was supposed to measure. Homer (1998) referred to other studies before adopting a different set of clinical indicators in his scale that he reports as being more rigorous than Maki and Ringers (1991 cited in Homer 1998 p5) scale but less so than Tagers (1983 cited in Homer 1998 p5). However, there does not appear to be any reference to testing validity of the scale. A point of accuracy concerns the use of the scale for measuring infiltration as well as phlebitis. Although, the measuring of infiltration is not mentioned in the discussion section, the methods section gives the grading of infiltration as 1-3. The grading on the scale for phlebitis is 2-4. According to Homer (1998), the majority of the incidences of phlebitis were graded at 2. Consequently, phlebitis and infiltration were both graded as 2 using the same clinical indicators. Again, this raises the point of whether the scale measured what it was supposed to measure. The strength of Curran et als (2000) measurement tool lies in the fact that it had been used in other studies. However, there is no discussion as to the validity or reliability of the tool. It is also unclear as to whether Curran et al (2000) carried out a pilot study or not. There is a reference in the paper to collecting data on forty catheters, which is not the total number of the whole data collection. However, although analysis was carried out on the data collected from this, there is no further discussion. In summary, there appears to be serious weakness and limitations with the accuracy of the measuring tools. Validity and reliability appear not to have been tested. As McCaughan (1999) points out, if measuring tools are not valid then neither are study findings. Error due to the measuring technique used, the instrument itself or the person doing the measuring may affect reliability. Therefore, the next point will consider the issue of interrater reliability.

Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Essay Example

Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Essay Example Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Essay Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Essay How Changes in the Formulation of Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets Effects Drug Release and Tablet Hydration Discussion: Part A ( hydration ) : Experiment A1: Experiment A1 was carried out to see how the belongingss of different polymers consequence the hydration of hydrophilic matrix tablets. Four different polymers were tested Sodium Alginate 100 % ( SA ) , Xanthan Gum 100 % ( XG ) , Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose 100 % ( HPMC ) and Methylcellulose 100 % ( MC ) . These were compared to a control which was a standard lactose tablet. They were all tested in fake stomachic fluid ( SGF ) and fake enteric fluid ( SIF ) individually. First if we compare all the matrix tablets to the milk sugar we can see that the lactose tablet wholly disintegrates with in the first 30mins in both fluids. However the matrix tablets barely disintegrate and are still present at 240mins. This is because the lactose tablet does non incorporate a polymer. Upon initial wetting of the matrix tablets the polymer begins to hydrate organizing a syrupy gel bed. In order for drug to be released it has to spread through this bed. This takes clip and this allows sustained dru g release. Whereas the lactose tablet merely disintegrates and releases all the drug straight off. Sodium alginate ( SA ) is a natural hydrophilic polyose and is a additive polymer. We can see from the consequences that it was quickly able to organize a gel bed nevertheless the size of the gel bed was different in the two fluids. SA formed a larger gel bed in the SGF than the SIF as it got to 4mm in the SGF and merely 2.5 in the SIF. It besides took longer for the gel to increase in size in the SIF. The nucleus breadth decreased as clip went on and were similar for both fluids but overall it was somewhat lower in the SGF at the clip points. The difference in the breadth of the gel bed between the two fluids shows that the hydration of SA is dependent on pH. SIF has a pH of around 7.2 so is impersonal nevertheless SGF has a pH of around 2 to 3 doing it acidic. As the concentration of H ions addition ( in acidic conditions ) there is inter-conversion of carboxylate anions ( sodium alginate ) to free carboxyl groups ( alginic acid ) . This means in acidic conditions like SGF SA is ab le to swell but is indissoluble nevertheless it is soluble in impersonal conditions. Therefore the gel bed may acquire dissolved in SIF and consequence in a lower breadth compared to SGF which would hold a thick gel bed. Hence alterations in pH are likely to change the hydration features of the polymer and consequence its action on sustained drug release. Xanthan gum ( XG ) , an anionic polymer, showed different hydration features compared to SA. It produced the widest gel bed the fastest at 30mins compared to the other polymers in both the fluids. This shows its ability to organize a thick gel bed rapidly. It was besides able to bring forth the widest gel bed in the SIF compared to the other tablets. It had similar features in both fluids which indicated it is non pH dependant. The nucleus breadth is besides similar in both. HPMC besides was able to organize a gel bed nevertheless its size increased the slowest in both fluids when compared to the other polymers. It is non pH dependant. Again the nucleus was similar in both. Cellulose is really soluble and porous this could be why the gel bed was non really thick Methylcellulose ( MC ) was besides able to organize a gel bed and had similar consequences for both gel and nucleus breadth in both fluids. To reason Quick hydration and subsequent gel formation is a foremost and of import belongings of a polymer for it to be used for sustained release preparation. This is due to the thought that if the polymer does non hydrate rapidly, the surface barrier ( gel bed ) can non be formed instantly, which may do a big sum of drug to be released during the fast initial stage. Besides the thicker the bed the better this is because the more the matrix crestless waves, the longer the diffusion way length required for the drug to come out, which consequences in decreasing of release rate. Therefore all four tablets are acceptable to be used as hydrophilic matrices as they all form a gel bed but out of all four matrix tablets I believe XG to hold the best hydration features as it forms the quickest and thickest gel bed. There were a few restrictions. Cuting the tablets may hold affected the measuring of breadth, tabular arraies were hard to manage when nucleus was little and gel bed was big and finding the waterlessness of the nucleus was hard. Experiment A2: The purpose of experiment A2 was to see how different concentrations of polymer effected hydration of the matrix tablet. By and large the tendency shows that as you increase the concentration of polymer the rate of hydration lessenings. The consequences for the two fluids were similar nevertheless the hydration rate was somewhat greater in SGF. 5 % of polymer was excessively small to even organize a gel bed and therefore the tablet disintegrated directly off. At 10 % there was rapid formation of a gel bed nevertheless the nucleus breadth was low and the nucleus was wet bespeaking a high rate of drug release and the tablet disintegrated by 240mins. For 15, 20 and 30 % a gel bed did signifier at a slower rate severally but at that place was a higher nucleus breadth and the nucleus was drier. To reason, the greater the concentration of the polymer the thicker the gel bed. However it takes longer to organize. When the concentration of HPMC is low the gel bed is non thick and the hydrous matrix would be extremely porous with a low grade of tortuousness taking to low gel strength and rapid diffusion of the drug from matrix. Besides the addition in lactose at low concentrations of polymer agencies that it disintegrates faster. At high concentrations the matrix is more compact and the intermolecular interactions between the polymer means it is less porous so it takes longer to hydrate but when it does it organize a thick syrupy bed forestalling increased drug release. I believe at that place needs to be a via media between the rate of hydration and drug release. Therefore the best concentration to utilize would be about 20 % as it is able to organize a gel bed within 30mins and forestall a high rate of drug release. The restrictions for this experiment were similar to those fr om A1 Experiment A3: Experiment A3 involved the usage of the decomposition rigs. The thought of this trial was to see how polymer concentration effects hydration and decomposition of hydrophilic matrix tablets. The decomposition of three different concentrations ( 5, 15 and 30 % ) of SA, XG and HPMC were tested in SGF and SIF. For SA the general tendency showed that as polymer concentration increases the tablet disintegrates less. As discussed above in SGF SA forms an indissoluble polymer which makes it thicker than the bed in SIF. Therefore it would take longer for fluid to perforate the tablet in SGF and that is why it disintegrates quicker in SIF. In SIF it to the full disintegrates by 45mins for all concentrations but the tablet is still present in the SGF at this clip. For XG none of the tablets in both fluids managed to disintegrate. Disintegration was faster in SGF. This could be due to the sourness of the SGF. For SIF all three different concentration seemed to demo the same decomposition profile. As concentration increased in SGF the clip taken for decomposition increased like SA. For HPMC the consequences were surprising. For both the fluids all the concentrations of HPMC disintegrated wholly within the first hr and no gel bed was observed. Decomposition was faster in SIF. For SGF it took longer at higher concentrations. Therefore it did non demo sustained release belongingss like XG and SA. There were many restrictions. Exact clip of decomposition was difficult to find due to the clip intervals. Two different people were taking consequences so they would hold different subjective positions. Besides the graduated table used was obscure. The tablets could hold been assayed and more concentrations should hold been tested. Part B ( drug release ) : Part B was used to prove the drug release belongingss of hydrophilic matrix tablets. In order to make this the consequences obtained from the basket disintegration setup will be compared to the consequences from the flow rig setup. This will let us to find which disintegration method is more accurate every bit good as comparing their variableness. Revolving basket: If we look at the graph that shows the sum of drug released against clip. We can see that every bit shortly as the lactose tablet is inserted into the SIF there is an initial explosion of drug release. The sum of drug released continues to increase at a fast rate until around 30min where it begins to plateau and so lessening. The drug is released rapidly from the lactose tablet as there is no gel bed formed to decelerate the diffusion of drug out. Therefore the fluid rapidly disintegrates the milk sugar and all the drug is released. For the polymer tablet there is once more an initial explosion of drug release precisely the same as the lactose tablet. This is because the gel bed has non formed yet. Once the bed forms the sum of drug released begins to diminish compared to the control. It plateaus at around 15mins and so continues to let go of the same sum of drug for the remainder of the experiment. Therefore drug release continues for a longer period indicating sustained release. The rate of drug released for both the tablets start high and so bit by bit decreases. For the control the rate of release is ever greater than that of the polymer shown by the graph. For the control the drug is released quickly until there is none left. With the polymer it shows good modified release as the rate is a batch lower and is comparatively changeless between 5 to 15 mins. Flow -through rig: The flow rig showed clear conclusive consequences about the release profiles for the two different types of tablets. If we look at the graph demoing concentration of drug release over clip we can see directly off the modified release features of the polymer tablet. For the control every bit shortly as the rig is turned on we get immediate drug release. It continues to lift quickly until 10min and so begins to diminish until 60min where it is so wholly disintegrated. Both the tablets had disintegrated wholly. For the polymer we can once more see an initial explosion of drug release. This is because the gel bed has non formed. After 5 min one time the bed has formed the graph tableland and there is a changeless sum of drug released until 120min nevertheless the concentration of drug released is a batch lower than that of the control. When compared to the control there is a clear difference in the two release profiles. The two rigs both analysed the same thing but both had differing methods and gave different consequences. The basket method was simpler to put up and less fiddly to take consequences. However there were restrictions. Air bubbles on the basket could hold altered drug release, it was hard to reel the readings and during the start the clip intervals were really close together doing it difficult to take all the readings. The flow rig besides had drawbacks. First our setup 3 flow tubings were leaky. This meant that merchandise would hold been lost. Besides for one of the control rig the flow rig stopped working and no more consequences could be taken. Therefore we were unable to add mistake bars to the control graph. Finally merchandise may hold been lost when reassigning the pipes. Besides for both the experiments they did non mime the proper physiological conditions that would be present in the organic structure. If we compare the two methods I believe the flow-through rig gave more acc urate dependable consequences. The mistake bars were greater in the basket method significance at that place was a batch of fluctuation and the consequences would be hard to reproduce. Besides for the flow rig both groups showed indistinguishable consequences this was non the instance for basket. The flow rig showed the concentration of drug released at precisely the clip specified whereas the basket method shows the entire sum of drug released by the tablet at the specific clip so it is cumulative. Therefore the consequences for the flow rig are more good and manageable as the one graph gives all the needed information. Besides if the tubings were crystalline we could see the tablet. A reciprocating cylinder was besides used to prove drug release. Even though it mimics physiological conditions the best it provided inconclusive consequences in SIF for SGF it once more showed a lower rate of drug release for the polymer. However the mistake bars were really big for all the consequences and hence non accurate. Decision: By comparing the consequences from all the experiments we can reason Xanthan Gum is the best polymer to utilize for sustained release preparations, nevertheless all the polymers used produced acceptable hydrophilic matrices. XG had the most advantageous hydration profile compared to the other polymers as explained in the decision of portion A1. It can besides be seen that concentration of the polymer has an consequence on hydration explained in the decision of portion A2. XG showed sustained release at all concentrations but 15 % would be the best via media between decomposition clip and drug release. Finally drug release from tablets with polymers can clearly demo sustained release when tested by many different disintegration rigs nevertheless the flow-through rig proved to be the most successful.

McDonalds French Fries Are Still Not Vegetarian

McDonald's French Fries Are Still Not Vegetarian Most animal-rights activists follow a plant-based diet for ethical reasons and avoid places where billions of dead animals are served up every day. Still,  vegetarians or vegans  may be inclined to sneak into McDonalds on occasion for a serving of the famous Golden Arches french fries. If so, they should stop. In spite of numerous protests and even lawsuits, McDonalds french fries are not, and never have been, vegan or vegetarian. But how can that be? you might ask. French fries are made from potatoes and fried in oil, so theres no harm in grabbing a serving for the road. Right? Its All Good in India Sure. If you live in India. In that country, you can consume all the McDonalds French fries your heart desires because they are made of only plant-based ingredients. In fact, McDonalds in India does not serve pork or beef products at all. So if the fast-food giant can respect the fact that, in India, cows are sacred and not for consumption, as well as make veg-friendly fries, then why can’t they do it in the United States? Not in the U.S.A. However, French fries served at American McDonald’s locations are not vegetarian. Thats because for decades McDonald’s cooked its fries in beef fat- its supposedly what gave them their famous flavor. But when they switched to vegetable oil, the fries were no longer as tasty. The solution was to add natural beef flavor to the spuds. Class-Action Lawsuit In 2001, McDonald’s was hit with a class-action lawsuit, led by a group of Hindu customers who felt they were being duped into unwittingly consuming animal products, which is strictly against their religion. Other vegetarians and vegans joined the fight, pointing out that the company gave out misleading information. Customers were being told that the French fries were fried in vegetable oil- the inference being that the fries were no longer cooked in lard and were therefore veg-friendly. Admitting that the fries were coated in beef flavoring, McDonalds settled for $10 million, with $6 million going to vegetarian organizations. Whats in a Fry? But they didn’t change their recipe one bit. Their website still lists the ingredients for all to see. As a representative explained: â€Å"With regard to our French fries, any customer in the U.S. who contacts McDonalds USA to ask if they contain beef flavoring is told yes. The way it works is, McDonalds French fry suppliers add a very small amount of beef flavor to the oil in the par-frying process at the potato processing plant before shipping the spuds to individual outlets. Once at the restaurant, the fries are cooked in vegetable oil. That same representative went on to say that, In addition, we have no plans to change the way we prepare our French fries in the U.S. However, it is important to know that our French fries are prepared differently in other countries.† To vegans and vegetarians, this is insulting. How difficult would it be to just leave out the beef flavoring like they do in India? The likely answer is that because the majority of customers in India are vegetarian or vegan, not accommodating their ethics would mean a loss of billions of dollars. Here in the United States, the opposite is likely to be true. Leave off the beef flavor that has long given the McDonalds French fry its famous flavor, and Americans are likely to just say no to Do you want fries with that?

IT Development And Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IT Development And Strategy - Essay Example Describe ways of managing the transition in the support, turnaround, factory, and strategic quadrants? Transitions in the role of IT are crucial to enabling organizations to evolve in their reliance on IT for sustainable business processes. Various factors that are derived from within the environment or outside promote the assimilation of IT with business processes for greater efficiency, etc, thereby prompting the transformation in the role from support to turnaround to the factory and to strategic quadrant. Usually, these triggers are received from the environment and the changing trends in time, which also explains why several firms solely relying on IT for support services began incorporating IT to provide other services to their global consumers. A shift to the turnaround quadrant is often characterized by a need to identify IT as an opportunity in order to usefully utilize insightful data analytics to change strategies thereby gaining an advantage. Organizations that base heavi ly on their factory processes also find IT integration quite helpful in helping them optimize their uptimes. By doing so, they try to circumvent serious downtimes, of which even the slightest, costs a huge amount to any particular organizations (Applegate, Austin, Soule 2009, p. 427). That is why organizations use IT systems in order to prevent significant downtimes to keep their factory operations running smoothly and efficiently. This demonstrates a shift from turnaround to factory quadrant.

Response to Kant and Singer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Response to Kant and Singer - Essay Example Unlike other non-human animals that readily adopt to their surroundings, humans often change their surrounding in order to make it more comfortable. As such, humans have sophisticated social and intellectual setup and therefore steers the relationship with other animals. The two scholars thus explain that humans must appreciate the role and position of the other animals thus developing a natural ecosystem for the other animals to prosper on their own. Kent explains the need for the liberation of animals as a fundamental social feature that he likens to the many other liberal movements throughout the history of humans. By likening the need for animal liberation to the liberation of blacks in the United States, the renowned philosopher strives to develop a mental image of the issue and its importance. Animal rights are specific entitlements that humans accord animals in order to foster their lives and place in the society. The scholar explains that the current society experiences intense animal-human conflicts most of which result in the loss of ether human or animal lives (Kant 54). He explains that the case should not remain this way since the ecosystem can accommodate both the animals and the humans. He therefore calls for responsive relationship between animals and humans thus ensuring that each group enjoys its life to the fullest. Peter Singer shares the ideas of Immanuel Kant who calls for the liberation of animals. Kant believes that treating animals humanely enhances the human-animal interactions thus minimizing the risks associated with such relationships. This implies Singer would appreciate and call for the implementation of Kant’s hypothesis. In the article, Kant argues that only those who exhibit rationality have moral worth. Rationality refers to a degree of levelheadedness that enables an individual to weigh his actions thus make appropriate decisions, those that do not show disregard to the social values.

Complementary Medicines - A Perplexing Pharmaceutical Product Essay

There is no place for the supply of vitamins or complimentary medicines in pharmacy. Some evidence suggests that complementary medicines work can work, and that consumer use of complementary medicines is on the increase. However, most complementary medicines lack clinical trials that conclusively prove their efficacy. This is further compounded by a lack of clear information on the status of the body of evidence for the support of specific complementary medicines. For pharmacists, considered as drug therapy experts within the community, their supply from a pharmacy presents a serious ethical dilemma, because it is would be unwise to recommend an unproven treatment. This essay will argue that there is no place for the supply of complementary medicines in pharmacy. Reasons for consumer demand for complementary medicine will be reviewed and the ethics of their supply by a pharmacist within a pharmacy will be examined. Within this essay, the term ‘complementary’ medicines will be intended to include â€Å"herbal medicines, traditional medicines, vita mins and minerals, nutritional supplements, homeopathic medicines and aromatherapy products† as defined by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (REF:TGA). Complementary medicine use has become wide spread, and by all accounts, consumer demand is increasing further. A 2004 representative population survey conducted within Australia revealed that 52% of Australians had used a complementary medicine within the last twelve months (REF:6). (REF:2) reports that consumers reasons for accessing complementary medicines are several and varied, and includes: a) those without ready access to conventional therapies, b) those dissatisfied with conventional care, c) those whom conventional me... ...omplementary medicines do not require proof of efficacy and therefore their efficacy has not been established. The belief held by about half of the Australian public that the government tests complementary medicines for efficacy is incorrect. This creates a problem for health care professionals because a risk-benefit profile can not be established, and so consequently they are unable to recommend an unproven complementary medicine. Lack of efficacy also creates ethical challenges for their supply as the community perceives pharmacists as evidence-based experts on drug therapy, but for the majority of complementary medicines this evidence does not exist. Therefore, there is no place for the supply of complementary medicines in pharmacy. (REF:5) summaries this position well, â€Å"when proof of efficacy is lacking, any risk, no matter how remote, is too much to bear†.

Leonardo Da Vinci

Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Dad Vinci Leonardo dad Vinci was born in Vinci, Italy on April 15, 1452. He was an Italian artist, painter, sculptor, architect, engineer and a scientist. He was also one of the greatest minds of the Italian Renaissance. Renaissance is the transitional movement in Europe between medieval and modern times beginning in Italy in the 14th century and ending in the 17th century. It was marked by a humanistic revival of classical influence showed it a flowering of the arts, literature and by the beginnings of modern science.The Italian Renaissance is the time period when Italy was the center of the Renaissance. He was born to unmarried parent's who were Seer Piper dad Vinci (he was an official who certifies legal documents) and a nearby woman named Catering. There isn't much to say about Leonardo childhood except that when he was 15 his father introduced him to Andrea Del Veronica. He was a painter, sculptor, goldsmith and a magnificent craftsman. He wanted to make sure that his w ork was perfect regarding the way he portrayed the human body.The elements that Veronica had were important to Leonardo because he admired Veronica's artistic traits. After Leonardo completed his apprenticeship he continued his Job as an assistant at Veronica's workshop. Leonardo first well-known painting in displayed in Veronica's Baptism of Christ. In about 1478 Leonardo set up his own studio. Three years later he received a church contract for an altarpiece (the sculpture in front of a church) called the Adoration of the Magi. The Magi altarpiece was left unfinished because Leonardo left Florence to accept the Job of a court artist for the Duke of Milan.Leonardo presented himself to the Duke of Milan as a skilled worker in crafts but more particularly in military engineering. Leonardo first Melamine painting was titled Virgin of the Rocks. It is from a respected tradition that the Holy Family is presented inside a cave. The setting that this piece reveals shows Leonardo interest in representing nature with dimmed lights. Some advice that Leonardo gave out to artists was to draw at dusk in courtyards with the walls painted black. Another famous painting from Leonardo was the Last Supper.Instead of painting this piece with water color paints on fresh plaster he tested an oil- based medium. His experiment with the oil base was unsuccessful. His painting began to fall off of the wall and within 40-50 years the painting had spots on them. He left Milan when the Duke of Milan was overthrown by The French Invasion. From there he visited Venice for a short period of time. While he was there he had consulted with the Senate on some of his military projects and then went to Mantra. In 1500, Leonardo returned back to Florence.Immediately the Florentine painters of that generation began to follow Leonardo because they were thrilled by his modern methods. They were familiar with the methods in his unfinished artwork of the Adoration of the Magi. Leonardo also served as a military engineer for Cesar Boring in the year 1 502, and he completed the most amounts of projects during this time in Florence than at any time period in his life. In his works of these years he mainly concentrated on portraying the human vitality such as the Mona Lisa. The Mona Lisa is a portrait of a Florentine citizen's young third wife.Her smile in the painting is called mysterious because it represents the process of either appearing or disappearing. Another one of Leonardo fantastic painting was a cavalry battle scene (when soldiers fought on horses) that the city hired him to decorate the newly built Council Hall of the Palazzo Vehicle. The work known for that today is some roughly sketched groups of horsemen, carefully drawn single heads of men, and some copies of the whole thing. He began to paint the artwork but was called to go back to Milan so the work was left uncompleted.A short time after that, the room was remodeled and the piece was destroyed. When Leonardo was called back to Milan he was to work on a statue of a leader riding a horse but he didn't produce any new paintings. Instead he turned more and more to scientific observations. Many of Leonardo scientific concerns were his interests as a painter and, his research in anatomy (structure of a living organism) was the most developed. Leonardo produced the earliest anatomical drawing that is still followed to this day.Leonardo filled a scientific Journal with data and drawings that revealed his scientific interests such as firearms, the action of water, the flight of birds, growth of plants and geology (study of earth). All of his interests had to do with process of action, movement, pressure, and growth. It is said that his drawing of the human body are less about how bodies are and more about how they work. In 1513 Leonardo went to Rome and stayed there for 6 years. There he was honored, but he then became inactive especially with his artistic and rich life yet he still continued to wri te in his Journals.Francis I (the French King) invited Leonardo to his court and he received the title for first painter, architect, and mechanic and provided him with a house at Cloud, France. Leonardo died on May 2, 1519. Nasty or not pleasant. My definition of evil would be something deceitful and Leonardo Dad Vinci can be distinguished as a fighter against evil because in his sketches and sculptors of the human anatomy he expressed how the human body works. He portrayed how beautiful the human body can be, where to some people they looked at his art of something profane and evil. Leonardo Da Vinci Different inventions by Leonardo dad Vinci: Armored car – a forerunner to the tank: [pick] Leonardo wrote: â€Å"I shall make covered chariots, which are safe and cannot be assaulted; cars, which fear no great numbers when breaking through the ranks of the enemy and its artillery. Behind them, the infantrymen shall follow, without fearing injury or other impediments. † Leonardo has an idea to sowing panic and destruction among enemy troops with an armored car, which is a forerunner to the tank.The car consists of metal plates and are armored with guns. The car holds 8 men, who would turn cranks to move the heels and also shooting from the cannons. The notes on the drawing (see the picture) show that Leonardo had thought of replacing the men with horses, but he decided to not replace them. The notes Leonardo wrote about this invention can be dated to around 1487.Aerial screw – a forerunner to the helicopter: Leonardo wrote this about the aerial screw: â€Å"I bel ieve that if this screw device is well manufactured, that is, if it is made of linen cloth, the pores of which have been closed with starch, and if the device is promptly reversed, the screw will engage its gear when in the air and it will rise up on high. † The aerial screw is one of Leonardo most famous inventions. The aerial screw has a diameter of 5 meters, made of reed, linen cloth and wire, and it's 4 men who stood on the central platform to control the flying machine.But the invention is still an idea. And nobody has tested the aerial screw in the reality. The idea comes from Leonardo first period in Milan and is dated between 1483 and 1486. It belongs to the first series of machines designed for flight. He got the idea from a toy (called windmill game), which was popular in Leonardo time. Deep-sea diving suit: The diving suit Leonardo had also invented a deep-sea diving suit. It was made by leather and cane hoses fixed together by leather Joints so the diver can breath e.Inside the Joints it's steel spirals so the diver are protected from the pressure of the water. Without the spirals can't the diver breathe. Leonardo wanted the diver to be dry all the time so he made a coat, trousers and a mask with glass lenses. He invented the diving suit when he was in Venice. He invented it because Venice was threatened by the Turkish fleet. The idea was that one diver should sink at least one of the enemy's ships. [pick] [pick] Cane hoses, leather Joints and a steel spiral inside a Joint Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo Dad Vinci, he grew up lonely in his birthplace Italy, were his parent's didn't really want a child in the first place. The first thing and best thing that his father did for the young boy was to put him in art school. Even know Dad Vinci was lonely he had the great nature to refer to and drew the earth for hours and hours of the day. Leonardo Dad Vinci was more than Just a painter; he created the types of machines that soldiers could use during the war.Dad Vinci was a vegetarian who loved pets and absolutely despised war, but worked as a military engineer and invent unique war machines to destroy the cities or countries. This bold young gentlemen contrived appliances and real life looking paintings that follow you were ever you go. During the 15th and 16th centuries men began to revive the arts and the sciences which had almost been forgotten during the middle ages. This period in history is called the renaissance. One of the greatest men of the renaissance was Leonardo did seer Piper dad Vinci. Vinci was born on April. 5th, 1452, in a small town called Michigan, which was near Vinci. Vinci was a unique boy with lots of intelligent and when he was young he used to admire the outside world and drew rocks and trees for his entertainment. Even though he was a lonely kid and an only child, he seemed smarter than the other kids that lived near him. Vinci had parent's but they broke up after his birth, after they separated his father raised him. Later on when Vinci was age 1 5 and already mastered the full potential of an artist was sent away by his father, to a man named Andrea del Overarching and was a pupil in his workshop.In 1472, working with del Overarching, Dad Vinci was obtained into the painter's guild of Florence. Vinci worked with Overarching for 10 years and humiliated Overarching so many times he quit being a painter, which was astounding because only so many students humiliate their own master. As this young teen growing up he never lost the in terest or his reputation as an artist but His interest in painting led him to study anatomy, the science of light and vision, the growth and structure of plants, and other subjects which would help him in his art.Later on down the road when Vine's career started to gain, he was charged with sodomy's, later the charges were dropped but he was humiliated when he was not hoses to be hired to paint the Sistine Chapel. Dad Vinci was going back and forth place to place going back to Florence for the second time to serve Cesar Barrio in 1502. In 1512 Leonardo went to Rome where the new pope was one of the Medics, his patron family. Dad Vinci did not remain too long in Rome but went instead back to Milan to prepare for the arrival of the King of France.In 1516 he left for France at the invitation of King Francis the first. While living in France he received a castle of Cloud and some money to live on. Leonardo spent his last two and a half years there. He painted a bit, but one of his hands was now slightly paralyzed because of a stroke. Leonardo Dad Vinci died in 1519 at age of 67 and was buried at Ambrose near his castle. He has become known as a true example of the Renaissance man because Leonardo was interested in almost everything. (http://www. Dovetailing. Com/ index. HTML) Leonardo had lots of students while he was alive but one student hanged out than the rest he taught than later adopted a child named Giant Giaconda Capacitor dad Reno, which he nicknamed the boy Salami which is also referred to as little Satan. Vinci eased the ten year old boy with extra care. He was odd, and used to destroy most of his work. Giant was named Salami because he would steal from Dad Vinci and steal from other people to as well. In the first year with Vinci, Salami was given a cloak, six shirts, three doublets and twenty four pairs of shoes.Even after all that he kept stealing, so Dad Vinci had to keep an eye on him the whole time they were in public. Giant showed some great work in painting but didn't become a painter. Vinci taught him some skills but always had to clean up Giant's paintings. (http://www. Lardier. Org. NZ/Leonardo/ alai. HTML) Dad Vinci painted so many real live looking people in his painting; it's incredible to think about back in the 1 5th and 16th century. One of Leonardo first paintings was with Andrea del Overarching and they drew the Baptism of Christ.Overarching told Vinci to paint the knelling angel and Vinci did a better Job than his own master. During his lifetime he has painted so many pictures that have been amazing. Some great works that Leonardo has painted were The Last Supper, when Leonardo remained in Milan for 17 years during which time he painted the famous Last Supper and completed a 6 foot model of the Oxfords statue. In 1499 French troops invaded Milan and Leonardo was unharmed, he fled to Venice. In a later invasion by the French, the model of the Oxfords statue was broken up, and there is no record of it besides for Leonardo sketches.Another Painting that Leonardo did back in Florence was one of his famous paintings La Giaconda which is more commonly known as the Mona Lisa. Madonna Lisa, the wife of a Florentine merchant. Leonardo worked on the painting for four years. â€Å"The poet ranks far below the painter in the representation of visible wings, and far below the musician in that of invisible things. † (http://www. Leonardo- dad-Vinci-biography. Com/quotes. HTML) Leonardo Dad Vinci painted tons but he also made military weapons and helped out.Many of his weapons were very helpful for the war and some are even still used today. Some weapons that Vinci came up with was his helicopter, first ever designed helicopter that was also referred to as Arial Screw, Leonardo felt that men could operate it by pushing the four parts to rotate the propeller. One of the inventions that he made, that we still used today is a parachute. One of the most known inventions Dad Vinci came up with was the glider he made with no engine, which could keep itself up from the wind currents. Once you have tasted flight, you will forever walk the earth with your eyes turned skyward, for there you have been, and there you will always long to return†. (http://www. Goodness. Com/quotes/5504-once- you-have-tasted-flight-you-will-forever-walk-the) Leonardo even came up with the first armored car that was designed as a cone shaped top for all the bullets to ricochet off of the armored car. Leonardo made so many other inventions to, he even invented the first crane, scuba diving suit, and he was so interested in the study of light and vision.He understood the principle which causes light to cast an image upside down on a screen Just like our cameras now. Dad Vinci helped out so much in his life time; he was a lonely man but dedicated his life time work to art, inventions and became one of the most genuine and one of the most popular people ever known. Without him the world wouldn't be the s ame today. He could build and draw the types of war machines with his imagination and could bring ideas and make them to life. Leonardo da vinci Leonardo dad Vinci Leonardo dad Vinci was born on April 15th in 1452 in Vinci, Italy. He was born out of wedlock and taken from his pheasant mother at the age of five years old. His father was Pierre dad Vinci, who was a legal specialist and married into a wealthy family soon after. He was sent to live with his grandparent's, where he was given little formal education. At age fourteen he was apprenticing under the famous artist Overarching. Leonardo never married and formed very few close relationships throughout his bedtime.Although it is said he was a very kind and sympathetic person. Not only was Leonardo one of the most important artists of the Italian Renaissance, but also a mathematician, inventor, musician, and a writer. Records of his detailed notebooks he possessed reveal that his interests spanned far beyond Just paintings. This man's extraordinary genius was not only given to the world of art, but that of astronomy, anatomy, botany, geology, optics and math. It is also rep orted that he was talented in he musical world, playing the lute.One of Leonardo greatest contributions to painting was his introduction to the idea of suffuse, which essentially meaner â€Å"Smokey'. Alt is a way of producing atmospheric perspective in paintings. Leonardo became a master artist in the Guild of Saint Luke by the age of twenty, shortly after he moved to Milan to open his own workshop and started taking orders from wealthy patrons. His greatest work while in Milan was his painting named The Last Supper. This was a slow inch by inch process because of the condition of the work is so poor.Being an experimenter, Leonardo painted on dry plaster with an oil and tempura mixture. It began peeling almost immediately after. During the early sass's dad Vinci began painting the Mona Lisa, which is one of his most important works and still today one of the world's most famous paintings. This piece of art continues to consistently fascinate people in today's society. It is said t hat it took him four years to omelet this painting. Not only was Leonardo a Renaissance man but he also made many great contributions to the world of science.Leonardo went to Rome in 1513 to work for Pope Leo the 10th. He stayed for about three years, all while practicing dissections and laid the foundation for human anatomy. He also spent his last few years of life working for the King of France as well as other members of the French nobility. Leonardo died on May 2nd 1519. Leonardo dad Vinci is deservedly one of story most famous painters, one of the greatest naturalists who ever lived, and is someone we continue to admire today. Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo dad Vinci is a Renaissance Man because he excelled in a wide variety of activities. He was a painter, scientist, architect, engineer, and many more. He valued nature's mysteries in awe. He had the power of intellect – he could be the master of anything he turned his mind to. He was handsome and strong and these qualities were also seen through his painting. Dad Vinci was an illegitimate child and they were a poor family. Illegitimacy hindered him from certain things like inheriting property, taking his father's name, certain professions & guilds.He had no real place & he was kept away from people of a different social status. He was accused of sodomy's. He wasn't chosen as one of the artists to paint the Sistine Chapel in Rome. These challenges ignited a passion in his heart to push beyond all obstacles and expectations in order to break free from the illegitimacy and low social class. Since dad Vinci wanted to break free from illegitimacy and low social class, he ha d to have a code of survival and success. He knew that his hope rests in his talent; therefore, he had to excel in it.So when they moved to Florence, his father sent him to Andrea De Overreach, a Florentine artist, who gave dad Vinci the experience needed to get into a guild. During these times were when dad Vinci realized the powerful connection between art and power. The Medici were a big influence as the powerful patrons of the arts. Dad Vinci learned all he can in order to excel more. As reflected in his notebooks, â€Å"A painter must develop all skills† and doing one thing well, isn't enough; a person should excel in different activities.In Overreach's workshop, he not only learned to paint but he also learned engineering & mechanical training, painting on ceramic, and sculpture in bronze or marble. He loved to observe nature and he believed that only through experimentation can we truly know anything. He always presented himself in a manner which showed him as handsome & strong and therefore immediately likeable. He always pushed himself beyond expectations & if something hinders him from his goal, he finds another way to achieve it. His code as to never be limited by what has been done before or what others might think.He pushed himself to the limits with his imaginative mind and endless stream of ideas. It was important that he followed his code of survival and success so that he could break free from illegitimacy & be a successful person in the time of Renaissance. If he followed his code, he would become one of the most valued people at that time because it was a period when art was closely related to power. His code pushed him to tackle more ideas, like his cannons, catapults, & ladders. He had the amazing ability to capture motion & emotion in his paintings and drawings which put him above others.As previously stated, he had the ability of being the master of anything he turned his mind to, which is a result of him following his code. He kn ew that painting was the in road to patronage life but he unfortunately left it behind to pursue other things that interested him more such as engineering & nature. If I were to pick one of dad Vine's masterpieces, I would pick The Lady with the Ermine. I think this painting exemplifies true Renaissance, humanism & Excellence because for me, he Renaissance was a time of excellence and amazing discoveries.In the painting, dad Vinci was able to capture even the smallest details of the lady. He was able to paint the wrinkles in her hand, her nails, and the tendon in her hand. He was also able to accurately paint her even if she appears to be looking somewhere distant or not directly at him. He was able to capture her, as well as the ermine's, emotion & thoughts and put it to paper. For me, his ability to do that really showed how the Renaissance time was a period of great art and excellence. Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo dad Vinci â€Å"The life of an artist† Tiffany Made Union City high school World History January 2010 Leonardo was a really creative man. Leonardo did lots of things during his lifetime. He painted things appealing to him. He also sketched inventions that weren't made until later times. Leonardo wasn't really known in the beginning of his life, but he was really known for his artwork after he died. Leonardo was inspired by many things. He also liked working with lots of things. Leonardo may have also been fascinated by triangles so much he wanted to put them in mostly all of his paintings.The only thing bout his artwork and inventions is that he never finished anything. Leonardo dad Vinci was born on April 15, 1492. Leonardo died on May 2, 1519. He was born in Vinci, Italy. Leonardo didn't exactly finish school, but he did try to finish his schooling in later years. He was buried in San Foresting in Ambrose. He was raised by a single father. He drew lots of plans for things that would end up helping in war. While Leonardo was a child he never learned about love. So as Leonardo grew older he didn't really know how to love anyone.Things people may have realized was that he liked the weirdest things about humans. A kind of interesting thing about him is that he is left handed, but he could also use his right hand. Leonardo could use both of his arms equally. Sometimes he would write down what Jokes and riddles he wanted to share with his friends. One thing Leonardo always did was trying to avoid all the drinking parties. Lots of things inspired him like Paolo Del Bozo Toscanini, a physician and philosopher, investigator of natural phenomena and a mathematician, which inspired him the most out of everything else.Very early he started to use machinery. Soon he became more aware of his knowledge of the principles of physics. He was devoted to studying nature. He also dreamed of the end of the world being very cataclysmic. He philosophized about death. The year of 1476 was very hard for him. The first money check on his account was in March 1478 for 25 florins. Sometimes he would get mad that time was going to fast for him. When he worked with the monks he got a cask of red wine. The arrogance of the intellectual elite who did not like II Magnified and his contemporaries made him very irritated.He also even tried showing he couldn't be recognized in his own city for his efforts. Leonardo never forgot that they refused to recognize his labors. He also knew he could conduct his own research to learn about humanists. He also had and important interview about laws he wrote one day to be used took place at the end of 1482 or at the beginning of 1483. Also, he soon observed that of all the proposals, he laid before the ruler of Milan, was those concerned with innovations that brought up the most interest. To him all the fun and enjoyable times were all strange.At one point he kind of became homeless because he rent any apartments or bu ildings to live in anymore. While he was homeless he learned that Lombard artists met in groups for protection. There as a motto used by Leonardo that said in English â€Å"Love conquers all things,† and in another language that may be Latin it said â€Å"Moor noon cosec Vince. † He also tried doing schooling again for years while he was waiting to leave Via. While he was doing this he wrote a long list of words from the dictionary of Lugging Pulpit's â€Å"Vocalists. † He wrote definitions down in his own words.Leonardo also made lists of nouns and verbs and degrees. He also entered a competition for building a Cathedral building. People realized something about Leonardo because of his technical discoveries gave them the idea he was interested in mechanical inventions. Another thing he was very interested in was construction of houses and churches. Leonardo urged artists to rely entirely on nature. Also, after seeing a theatre he proposed to build a tomb for pr inces. He also may have held lots of scripts with velvet covers in his hands.He remembered one of them to him it was like a whole new world of research. At one time he had and apprentice that was a ten year old named Giaconda, son of Giovanni Pitter Capacitor of Reno. Leonardo was a painter and an inventor, but the only thing about his inventions were was that they were never made until later after he died. In his earliest paintings there was signs he was a very good artist. When Leonardo was about 21 he drew his first landscape. Leonardo did a self-portrait and in it he put every single detail that was on his face like wrinkles and all of that in the portrait.In the very first sketches he ever made the faces were all the same. Somewhere in his drawings he had isosceles triangles in them it didn't really matter they maybe where the arms were bent. Leonardo success began to show when people started imitating his work. A sketch that was found that was made by him in 1478 has been said that it was a sketch for an angels dead. The sketch was probably for the painting he helped Veronica with. In the painting he painted the second angel. He also worked on the theme of god for a while and he looked for the simple types of shepherds he had.On lots of sheets of paper he sketched attitudes and facial gestures of men when a supernatural thing was occurring. During the time Leonardo was making stuff for war he made a memorandum which he handed to Ladylove Sports. In this memorandum he wrote about times of peace and that he had a project and that the project was to make a monument for Francesco Sports. Soon he started realizing that in Milan it was hard life for the artists who live there during that period. He made a list of sketches for himself and at the top he put â€Å"Many flowers drawn from nature. In spring of 1483 the inspiration for him was the natural beauty of everything. He had signed a contract with a fraternity called the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception. Ten years after he signed the contract, which was for pictures, there was a problem and he took it to Imbroglio De Prà ©cis and he sent a petition to Ladylove Sports. Another thing about Imbroglio De Prà ©cis is that he finished some of Leonardo sketches and roundworm for things Leonardo was working on. Leonardo also had sketches of disasters and he put mountain landscapes and rivers rushing between the mountains.His first vehicle could probably only go a few yards. He invented a drum with a wheel trestle because drums were popular back in his period. He also drew tools for moving soil. When he was doing that he invented a machine for handling heavy rocks called a lifting grab. He waited for a reason to use it though. Leonardo was into warfare, so he drew sketches of things he thought they will need. One of the things he sketched was a 3-wheeled gun. The 3-wheeled gun is a Cambridge with a huge screw terminating in gigantic forceps which gripped the gun barrel.Leonardo was devote d to the Job for fixing the problems with machine parts. During this time he also sketched guns. Soon he started sketching even better plans for warfare. Leonardo owed his knowledge of military technique to his careful study witnessed by many extracts in the MS B. In these military times he made methods of construction of very light and strong bridges so that in war you can use them to get the enemies faster and he also knew that he knows how to destroy the bridges as good as he dad them. Leonardo also sketched gangways that could be moved to use on towers.He also said he had methods of destroying forts that are not built on rock. But one thing he didn't have was details on about how to move and stuff like that when rivals came. One thing he represented was an operation of a bomb made with hemp and fish glue and tubes that were going to be attached like spokes to a copper ball filled with a bottle. This was called a collection. During this time one of things he was concerned about a t all times was to make his weapons of very inflammable material. He also made and knew the physical laws on the use and possibilities of explosives.Leonardo made a memorandum and it was filled with strange proposals he made. Another thing he had in mind for war was an armored car. One of his projects he had was made in 1515 in Numerous; the project was a breech-loading gun. While he was doing a study with these things of warfare he discovered something by accident. The thing he discovered was steam. Leonardo drew something that looked like a water vessel connected to a copper tube which was heated by a coal fire. What it did s the water flowed into the red-hot tube and turned into steam, which drove the ball out of the mouth of the tube.This is probably how he discovered steam. Leonardo wrote â€Å"The Architectonic is a copper engine invented by Archimedes, which fires heavy iron balls with great force. † While doing all of these projects and sketches he sketched an apocaly ptic vision. The atmosphere had a peace sense and it was like he wasn't all there while drawing it and what it meant in reality. In years after he studied gun-making he was attracted by general mechanical problems outside of the gun field. For guns he decided to make a wagon. Leonardo also made the pistol, but he made it with the Wheel lock. It became known in the public in 1517.Then they changed the wheel lock to a matchlock until the end of the seventeenth century. The ideas he put in front of the lord of Milan made them not have any confidence about the wagon and guns he sketched and possibly made. Leonardo had lots of paintings he did. All of his paintings aren't finished. In his famous altar piece â€Å"The virgin of the rocks† He studied the nativity scenes and different poses and gestures of the mother and her infant probably in preparation for the main panel. In his drawing of the â€Å"Bennie Madonna† he may have had his stepmother with her first born in her l ap.The â€Å"Bennie Madonna† made other artists want to draw it. So, that's when his success began to show is because everyone started imitating this painting. Leonardo found other ways after to draw the â€Å"Madonna. † Leonardo was about 30 years old when he painted the â€Å"Adoration of the Magi. † He also had a painting called the â€Å"Saint Jerome. † The painting of â€Å"Madonna on the rocks† is suppose to be like a daydream someone has laying down on the ground and looking up at the sky. In it he also drew an equilateral triangle. In the painting of â€Å"Madonna Little† Imbroglio De Prà ©cis colored the clothes that Leonardo helped draw.Leonardo painted a portrait of Cecilia, Ladylove Saffron's daughter, when she was only about 17 years old. Cecilia is the sister of the â€Å"Mona Lisa. † The one reason you may realize that the â€Å"Mona Lisa† isn't done is because she isn't wearing any Jewelry. Cecilia let Isabella detest compare the portrait done by Giovanni Bellini's and she had altered completely because she was a lot younger when Giovanni Bellini's did the first one. His painting of the â€Å"lady with the weasel† was taken over by the Lombard school. The painting of the â€Å"lady with the weasel† Imbroglio De Prà ©cis helped with this one too.One thing found was a pen drawing of the head of Christ. There are seven sketches of â€Å"Saint Jerome in the Desert. † There are about eight sketches for â€Å"Saint Sebastian† There is about four sketches for the later picture of â€Å"Angel of the Annunciation. † There is one completed picture of the â€Å"Madonna. † There is one head of the blessed virgin for the picture of the â€Å"Ascension. † There is one sculpture of â€Å"Crucifixion in relief. † Leonardo drew â€Å"Mount Sepsis† in Ptolemy map of Asia. For a sculpture, the perfect smoothness was all done by him. Also, in a notebook he had instructions for what he wanted everything to look like.The architecture filled his every thought. He was asked to help with the design of the â€Å"Saint Sophia at Constantinople. † He made lots of sketches of this design. He was aware that they preferred the form of the Latin cross. Some people thought Leonardo was kind of weird for wanting to study the senses and stuff about the body. Leonardo began to think about stuff on the human mind understands things. He also thought that signs are the best of all the senses of the human body. But, he was very uncomfortable in the field of abstract thought. Leonardo wrote â€Å"The senses are earthly; the reason stands outside them during contemplation. In the classical school of reason and will he put in those places memory and intellect. He devoted his leisure time to the study of philosophy. But, Leonardo still didn't yet have his intellectual confidence. After reading a book that AFAIK Carbon gave him called â₠¬Å"The perspective communism of John Peacock. † He wrote something after called â€Å"An introduction to perspective, that to say to the function of the eye. † The lenses of the eye were his way into anatomy. He was first to record the phenomena of irradiation. He also made a lamp to help him at night with these studies.Leonardo was very interested in making things, so he decided to make new cities and towns. When he entered a competition for a Cathedral building he thought about making cities out of the soil. Leonardo considered ways of using Ladylove Saffron's life-preserving fear in his plans. He said â€Å"that to have humanity go from capital cities is to build ten towns and have five thousand houses to house more than 30,000 people. While he talked about this he never left out the economic side. He wanted his towns on riverbanks or seashores and he had the Diction in mind.His cities in mind were for the rich and aristocrats. There was going to be two cities right on top of each other. When he wasn't allowed to build the ten new cities he went and invented things to keep foul smells away. Leonardo was many things in his life even if it was mostly art. He was an interesting man with all of things he did like when he went back to school so he could do more since artists weren't known that much. Leonardo did have lots of art sketches that he didn't really have names for, but he still worked on them no matter whatever until he probably got bored with them.He id lots of things for warfare too he invented things we can use today because we put more into what he already had. We also have some of his paintings still around they are in museums all around the world, but he did lots of paintings even though he may not have finished them. Leonardo did like what he did even if people thought it was weird because he still studied some more into the human body. He may have wanted new cities, but that probably was only to make him famous.