Analysis Of Noun Phrase In English And Vietnamese Education Essay

Analysis Of Noun Phrase In incline And Vietnamese Education Es reckonNoun evinces as hygienic as other invents play an important role in mastering any language. Without noun phrase, at that place would tolerate no agents, no patients, and no recipients. Additionally, no librate how wide our vocabulary whitethorn be, a single word is often insufficient in proveing our thought.. A contrastive analysis between side and Vietnamese is necessary and interesting for teaching and studying. Al almost every language has noun phrases, however, despite having the same basic construction, they have virtually differences..This study aims to explore internal and outdoor(a) structure of slope and Vietnamese noun phrases then make a comparison between two kinds of NP as well as suggest some teaching implications. I hope through this assignment, both I and the readers allow learn something helpful which sight apply to English teaching and learning.Noun phrase in EnglishDefinitions Le (2 002) defined noun phrase (NP) as a group of words beginning with a noun and engageing appositive. This NP often goes function originally or right after the noun it expresses.Ex A victim of war, he hated the sight of soldiers. (A victim of war = he)According to L.H.Nguyen (2004), a NP is a group of words with a noun or pronoun as the main part (the psyche). In his reserve Analyzing English, Jackson added some more deal about the wit which is the minimal requirement for the occurrence of a noun phrase. Despite the NP is in simple class such as students or in complex form such as the story about the girl who used to live there, it must have a noun or pronoun expressing the main idea.Structure Basically, a noun phrase consists of 3 main parts Pre revision, strait, Post Modification. But in some complex NPs, we tin can key that the Pre Modification may contain other elements. establish on the theory of NP in the book Analyzing English by Howard Jackson, we have a detaile d formula of NP as following Pre ModificationHeadPost ModificationPre determiner(A)Identifiers(B)Numeral/Quantifier(C)Adjectives(D)Noun modifier(E)N/pro(F)Relative clauses, non-finite clause, pre commital phrase, adjectives, adverbs.(G)Table 1 The structure of a NP in EnglishNow, we will go into details of the structure of a NP.Pre ModificationThis part basically has 5 elements as shown in the in a higher place table. The prototypal-class honours degree element is pre-determiners. They ar a small group of words which may occur before the identifier in a NP. They also have logical quantifier reference (all, both, half, ) fraction numerals (one-third, ).Next element is identifiers. This element includes articles (a, an, the) demonstrative (this, that, these, those) possessives (my, your, his,). But there is one thing we should pay attention. In any NP, yet only one identifier may occur, it path that articles, demonstrative and possessives ar mutually exclusive. We cant say that my house provided if we use of-phrase with the possessive pronoun, we can express that NP in another steering that book of mine.In some NPs such as five cats, several books, the pre modification here is numeral (five) or quantifier(several). Also, sometimes, we can attend to the combination of these two elements in some NPs. The frequent sequences are ordinal numeral ( in particular first and last ) + indefinite quantifier ( eg the first few hours), ordinal + cardinal (eg the second five days), indefinite quantifier + cardinal numeral, especially round number (eg several thousand people) (Nguyen, 2004, p. 44).To amplify the signal noun in some way, the next element, adjectives, come after the identifier and numerals/quantifiers. However, in case that several adjectives co-occur in a NP, there is a rule for their order. surnameSizeshapeagecolouroriginsubstancepresent participlecharmingSmallroundoldbrownFrenchoakenwriting tableTable 2 The adjective orderThe last element is noun modifiers which come between the adjectives and the head noun. As we can see, nouns may function not only as heads of NP but also modifiers in NP. For example, in NP a children book, children modifies book and a children book means a book for children.Beside 5 basic elements suggested above, there is one further kind of pre-modification that is NP in genitive case. This kind is marked by an s added to the its concluding word (eg my friend s bicycle).Head The most usual kind of head of NP is noun, but in some NPs such as She is my outdo friend, the head may be a pronoun of some kind, usually a personal pronoun (he, she, you). Similarly, Jacobs (1995) stated that many NPs in English are single forms consisting maybe just of a noun or a pronoun. When the head is a pronoun, it doesnt need any modification, especially the pre-modification.Kinds of pronoun functioning as the headExamplesPersonal pronounHe, she, you, they, we, .Indefinite pronounSomeone, something, nobody, poss essive pronounHis, her, your, their,Demonstrative pronounThis, that, Table 3 Kinds of pronoun functioning as the head of NPPost-modificationThis part is most frequently followed by phrases or clauses. Three kinds of phrasal/clausal post-modification we often see is relative clauses, non-finite clauses, and pre localiseal phrases, sometimes we also see an adjective or an adverb functioning as a post-modifier in NP (Jackson, p.15).A relative clause consists of a relative pronoun (who, whom, which, that, whose,) as a head, which mentions back to the head noun of NP. If the relative pronouns function is intention in the relative clause, we can omit that relative pronoun.Non-finite clause is clause usually without subjects introduced by a non-finite form of the verb. That kind of clause include 3 kinds immeasurable clause, present participle clause, past participle.In a NP, prepositional phrase occurs most frequently functioning as post-modifier.Some examplesAll the schools in townsp eopleA B F G (prepositional phrase)The last few daysB C C FDong Bang Shin Ki, my favorite music band.F G (appositive NP)My noisy 4-year-old white Siamese catB epithet age colour FThis mischievous tax collectors grabbing grantNP Genitive D FThe Korea history which has just been published.B D F G (relative clause)Something important to doF (indefinite pro) G (adjectives) G (non-finite clause)The girl behind youB F G (adverb)Two horses eating grass.A F G (non-finite clause present participle)A theme vocal composed by Lee So ManB E F G (non-finite clause past participle)One-third of the populationA B FNoun phrase in VietnameseDefinitions Mai, Vu and Hoang (2006) defined NP (danh ng) is a phrase in which the noun function as the main part.Also, NP in the theory of Doan, Nguyen, Pham (2001) is a free combination of a noun nucleus and one or more than one subordinate elements which can be apparent movement elements stand before the nucleus noun or can be end elements standing after the nucleus noun.Structure As a phrase, NP in Vietnamese also has three main parts Pre-Modification (Front Element), Head (Nucleus), Post-Modification (End Element). More detailed, according to Mai et al. s theory (pp. 276-280), the structure of NP in Vietnamese can be described as following Tt cnhngCicon moeny(-3)(-2)(-1)Head noun (0)(1)(2)Table 4 The structure of a NP in VietnameseFront elementsAs we can see from the table, the elements in the position (-3), (-2) and (-1) are called front elements, while the elements standing after the nucleus (1) and (2) are called end elements. Those elements are placed in a stable way as shown in the above table.In hurt of the front elements , we have three kinds. In the position (-1), quantifiers such as tt c, tt thy, ht thy, ht c, c,.are used. Those words can occur beforedefinite numerals mt, hai, ba, bn,Ex tt c bn mi sinh vin (1)collective nouns n, l, b, b, nm, .Ex c l con traigeneral nouns qun, o, binh, lnh, xe c, my mc,Ex ht thy my mcLets pay attention to the quantifiers such as tt c, tt thy, ht thy, ht c, c,.From the examples above, we can see that such those quantifiers occur before the head noun. Now, taking the first example, is it right if we say it in such a way bn mi sinh vin tt c ? Actually, in terms of grammar, it is correct but the meaning is different. The NP tt c bn mi sinh vin means that no students are left, but in bn mi sinh vin tt c, there are some students left. So, we can conclude that tt c can stand before and after the head noun depending on the spill the beansers attention.Diep Quang Ban (2000) stated that position (-2) is the place taken by word class as following Definite numeral/ cardinal number (t ch s lng xc nh/s t)Mt, hai, ba, bn, mi, trm ..Mi con moEstimate quantifier (t ch s phng nh)Vi, vi ba, dm, mi, vi ba khch hngAllocating words (t hm phn phi)M-i, mt, tng,M-i cng dnArticles (qun t)Nhng, cc, mt,..Nhng bc sWord myMy con g nyTable 5 the position (-2) in a NP in VietnameseHoweve r, we should pay attention that such elements as vi, vi ba, dm, can not co-exist with the quantifiers such as tt c, tt thy, ht thy, ht c, c in the position (-3).In terms of the position (-1), Diep Quang Ban (2000) stated that it is taken by the deictic word ci (t ch xut) in order to emphasize things mentioned in the head noun. However, sometimes, ci is replaced by another deictic word such as con in NP con ngi y. In Vietnamese NP, ci occurs before the head noun and can intervene between a numeral (if there is one) and the classifier or a measure phrase. It may be preceded by other pre-noun modifiers such as quantifiers, numerals, and articles. It must al shipway co-occur with a classifier as in ba ci cun len kia or ba ci thng nc ny. Besides, ci is sometimes mistaken with the homonymous classifier ci, but its different from classifier ci as well as other classifiers in term of dissemination and function. When ci precedes a count noun, the use of a classifier is indispensable, as shown in (a). However, ci cannot be used before the homonymous classifier as shown in (b)ba ci cun len (correct)ba ci ci chn (incorrect)Usually, with the presence of the deictic word, the noun is demonstrative standardised ny, kia, y, .(eg ci thng nhc ny) . But, in spoken language, we often see that the demonstratives are omitted, like ci thng nhc.The nucleus (head noun) According to Dinh Dien (n.d), the nucleus (position (0)) may be a noun(boy, teacher, cat, house) or a combination between a classifier (danh t ch loi) and the head noun such as con ngi, quyn sch, my sy. Otherwise, the head noun may be a classifier followed by a descriptive free word cluster (t hp t t do miu t) such as hai ngi ang ngi ni chuyn ng kia, nhng vic bn hm ba Additionally, words which are not nouns can also be the head due to the speaking habit of Vietnamese. For example, we can shorten the NP hai cc c ph en into the NP hai en.Some Vietnamese classifiers are commonly usedci used for most dyspnoeic objec ts (ci bn, ci gh,..)con usually for animals and children (con b), but can be used to describe some inanimate objects (con dao, con ng)bi used for compositions like songs, drawings, poems, essays, etc (bi th, bi ht,..)cy used for stick-like objects (cy phng, cy sng,)ta buildings of authority courts, halls, ivory towers (ta nh,..)qu/tri used for globular objects (qu chui, tri t,..)quyn/cun used for book-like objects (cun sch, quyn tp ch,..)t sheets and other thin objects made of paper (t giy, t bo,..)l smaller sheets of paper (l th, l bi,)vic an event or an ongoing process (vic kinh doanh, vic hc,)End elementsDoan et al. classified the end elements in terms of part of speech, structure, way of connection, order of some elements.c.1) In terms of part of speech nounlp ngoi ngverblp giao tipadjectivelp ngcardinal numerallp 4noun of placelp trn lunoun of timelp bui tipronounlp ca tiTable 6 The end elements in Vietnamese NP in terms of part of speechc.2) In terms of structureA principal accessory phrase sch vn hc MA coordinated phrase sch nghe v niA S-V phrase sch m ti va muac.3) In terms of way of connectionDirect ways ( eg tinh thn thp, mt b cu)Indirect ways (eg b phim m anh thch, bi vit m ti va hon thnh)c.4) In terms of the following orderThe nucleus A B (a, b, c, d) CABCgoes with the nucleus to form a phrase (a compound noun)describes the characteristics of the object that the nucleus mentionedEx phng khch rng, bn lm vic sang trng,.demonstrative pronouns such as ny, y, abCda noun, a verb or an adjectivev + noun or bng + nounca + noun or + nounClausesTable 6 The end elements in Vietnamese NP in terms of some elements order.Something about demonstratives may cause you misunderstanding if we couch them in different order. For example, compare two NPs vic y ca anh and vic ca anh y, we can see the difference in meaning here due to our speaking intonation. In the first NP, if we speak with a flat intonation, we can understand it as his work, whereas, if we spea k with a raising intonation at y in the second NP, it can be understood that its your work, not others work.Some examples Tt c nhng ci vy en bng jeans shop Cass m cu(-1) (-2) (-3) (0) (1) (abcd)thng thy (2)b) ng ua s 2 trc mt (Diep, 2000, p. 60)(0) (1) ( cardinal numberc)c) Nhng thng nhc nghch ngm y(-2) (0) (1) (adjective) (2)d) Sn nh chi mi lau(0) (1) (S-V phrase)e) Ci cun tp ch trn k (-1) (0) (1) (c) (2)A comparison of English NP and Vietnamese NPFrom what we discuss above about the NP in English and Vietnamese, we can see that both of them have a basic structure pre-modification, head, post-modification. . However, there are still some differences between them. We will discuss some remarkable similarities and differences in the positions of pre-modification and post-modification in English and Vietnamese NP.Firstly, in both English and Vietnamese NP, quantifier, numerals, fractions stand before the head noun.(a) All those old chairsQuantifier head noun(b) several(prenominal) thousand peoplenumeral head noun(c) One-third of my studentsfraction head noun(a) Tt c nhng ci gh c quantifier head noun adjective(b) Vi ngn nginumeral head noun(c) Mt phn ba s hc sinh ca tifraction head nounSecondly, demonstrative, ordinal numbers, possessives come before the head noun in English but after the head noun in Vietnamese.That large brick housedemonstrative head nounThe second tour to Koreaordinal number head nounMy favourite gloomy foodpossessive head noun(a) Ngi nh bng gch to ln head noun demonstrative(b) Chuyn du lch th hai n Hn Quchead noun ordinal number(c) Thc n cay yu thch ca tihead noun possessiveThirdly, in terms of adjectives, we put them in front of the head noun in English NP but in Vietnamese, we put them after the head noun.Ex ci bn mu nu lm bng g- xoihead noun. adjectivesA brown oaken table.adjectives head noun.However, in some cases, adjectives come after the head noun in English NP such as something strange, somebody brave, Additionally, the order of adjectives modifiers in English is rather fixed (epithet, size, shape, age, colour, origin, substance, present participle) whereas that in Vietnamese NP may be exchanged, based on the speakers attention. For example, in English, we just have only one order a pretty blue skirt but when we say in Vietnamese, there are 2 ways mt chic vy mu xanh da tri xinh xn and mt chic vy xinh xn mu xanh da tri.Moreover, in English NP, the occurrence of nouns and determiners is obligatory but optional in Vietnamese NP. So, if we translate the phrase cun sch trn bn into Vietnamese, it will be book on table. Is it right? As you see, the true phrase should be the book on the table .In Vietnamese, classifiers are generally obligatory in numerated NP whereas in English, we dont normally use classifiers before nouns, except some special words a pair of shoes, a loaf of abrasion .EX In English, we say two books but in Vietnamese, we say hai cun sch.The next difference I want to mention is the position of noun modifiers. In English NP, they come before a head noun but in Vietnamese, they come after the head noun. Nevertheless, in some cases in Vietnamese, noun modifiers precedes the head noun (eg mt thi nhn, mt c th,..)A ballet classA package tourA spend campaign(a) Mt lp ba l(b) Chuyn du lch trn gi(c) chin dch ma hLast but not least, sometimes there are some ambiguous structures that cause us confused. In Vietnamese, what comes into peoples disposition first is spoken first is the common rule, which is also a natural order of peoples thinking (Dinh, n.d, p. 11). Lets take a NP as an example. How many ways you can say the English NP a new Korean leather coat ? We have mt ci o khoc mi bng lng th ca Hn Quc or mt ci o khoc Hn Quc bng lng th mi and mt ci o khoc bng lng th Hn Quc mi.It seems that in the English NP, the position of pre-modifiers and post-premodifiers are not so free and flexible as that in Vietnamese NPImplication in English teaching and learningLearners of English ma y have some difficulties such as how to translate fromEnglish into Vietnamese and vice versa due to the differences in the position of pre-modifiers and post-modifiers we have just mentioned above (for example mt quyn sch hay a book good or a book interesting. They may also be in trouble with the order of the adjectives in a rather long noun phrase with many adjectives. Which adjective come first? Which one will come next? Where should we put those adjectives. Vietnamese students may find it difficult to remember all the positions due to the habit of placing the adjectives after the head noun and using them flexibly.Knowing clearly about English NP and Vietnamese NP, especially the differences as well as the common mistakes that Vietnamese learners often meet will help the teachers guide their students correctly. In other words, learners can know their mistakes from the beginning so that they can find it easy to learn English later, especially grammar. Based on the knowledge of Eng lish NP and Vietnamese NP, the teachers also design the tasks for students to consolidate and practice knowledge of phrases and sentences in both two languages. outcomeIn conclusion, although NP in English and Vietnamese has the same basic structure (pre-modification, head, post-modification), they are not the same in the word order of pre-modification and post-modification. These differences are caused by the dissimilarity in thinking and speaking habit of English and Vietnamese. As a student as well as a teacher-to-be, this research helps me a lot. When doing this assignment, I have a chance to consolidate my knowledge of both English and Vietnamese and know something new and helpful. With what I learn from this research, I will apply to my study and teaching career.